Surgeons must recognize cholangiocarcinoma’s three subtypes to tailor patient care.

• Intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal cholangiocarcinoma show unique biology affecting diagnosis and treatment.
• Each subtype has distinct risk factors like chronic biliary diseases, impacting surgical outcomes.

Understanding these differences enhances surgical decision-making and patient selection for better outcomes.

• Innovations in surgical techniques and strategies, guided by molecular profiling, improve precision in treatment.