Minimally invasive strategies are transforming achalasia management.

• Laparoscopic myotomy, POEM, and emerging techniques like peroral oesophageal plication show promising outcomes.
• Individualized treatment based on high-resolution manometry, patient co-morbidities, and procedural risks is now essential.

Comprehensive treatment offers significant symptom relief and quality-of-life improvement.

• Addressing post-treatment reflux and surveillance for malignancy remains critical for long-term patient care.