Developing Tier-2 Emergency Medical Services in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

The study highlights the challenges and opportunities in developing formal, professional-driven emergency medical services (Tier-2 systems) in low- and middle-income countries. These systems, which include dedicated ambulances, personnel, and equipment, can significantly reduce mortality and disability due to emergency medical and surgical conditions. Challenges include limited coverage, financial constraints, regulatory issues, and workforce shortages, while opportunities include innovative financial sustainability approaches and workforce strengthening strategies.