1-stage and 2-stage Management for Common Bile Duct Stones and Gallstones

2-stage management with laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) showed the shortest operation duration, lowest long-term complications, and lowest costs compared to 1-stage and preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) strategies. All groups achieved successful stone clearance, with group 3 demonstrating superior outcomes in terms of hospital stays, complications, and cost-effectiveness. Both management approaches were effective, but LCBDE offered significant benefits in patient outcomes.