Endoscopic Resection Techniques

Advancements in endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) have revolutionized the management of lower gastrointestinal malignancies. These techniques enable curative management of lesions with minimal morbidity, challenging traditional surgical approaches. The evolution from snare polypectomy to sophisticated ESD, along with technological innovations like traction-assisted methods, has significantly improved outcomes by achieving R0 resections and reducing recurrence rates. However, challenges in anatomopathological interpretation and the need for rigorous postoperative surveillance highlight areas for further improvement.