Metformin and gemcitabine have a synergistic effect in inhibiting cholangiocarcinoma cell viability, migration, and invasion while promoting apoptosis. In vivo, the combination of metformin and gemcitabine inhibits the growth of cholangiocarcinoma cell-derived tumors. The study suggests that metformin enhances the response of cholangiocarcinoma cells to gemcitabine by suppressing pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and activating mitochondrial apoptosis. This finding provides a promising approach for improving chemotherapeutic sensitivity in cholangiocarcinoma treatment.
Journal Article by Deng H, Qian X (…) Yang P et 2 al. in Dig Dis Sci
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