Impact of 3D-Printed Models on Complications in Hepatobiliary Laparoscopic Surgery

3D-printed models reduce intraoperative blood loss and postoperative complications, particularly bile leakage, in complex hepatobiliary laparoscopic surgeries. Patients guided by 3D models had significantly lower comprehensive complication index scores compared to the control group. Multivariable analysis confirmed 3D models as independent protective factors against complications. Subgroup analysis emphasized the efficacy of 3D models in reducing complications, especially in patients with intrahepatic cholelithiasis.