Crystalloid volume supplementation optimizes tissue oxygenation during hemorrhage.

Findings indicate that crystalloid volume supplementation markedly enhances gastric conduit tissue oxygenation (70.5%) compared to permissive hypotension (63.3%), catecholamine therapy (45.9%), and combined therapy (69.0%). The correlation between tissue oxygenation and systemic lactate levels further supports its effectiveness. This suggests crystalloid volume supplementation as a superior anesthetic management strategy following intraoperative hemorrhage during esophagectomy, given its potential to improve microcirculatory perfusion and patient outcomes.