Laparoscopic cholecystectomy reduces mortality and complications compared to open surgery, especially in low- and middle-income settings.

• Laparoscopic surgery cut mortality risk by 84% (RR 0.16) and complications by 54% (RR 0.46) versus open cholecystectomy.
• Length of hospital stay decreased by an average of 4.08 days with laparoscopic techniques.

Robotic surgery did not show significant advantages over laparoscopic methods.

• The mortality benefit from laparoscopic surgery was more pronounced in lower-income countries.