Violence intervention programs are critical for reducing negative outcomes in firearm violence patients, but their availability varies significantly.

• 64.3% of patients were treated at facilities with VIP services, but many high-risk patients in non-VIP facilities lack access.
• Within VIP facilities, 81.5% of patients did not receive VIP services; younger, Medicaid users, and those with assault-related injuries are most likely to benefit.

Surgeons should consider referral patterns and advocate for VIP program integration to better serve high-risk populations.

• Assault-related injury is the strongest predictor of VIP service use (odds ratio 3.00).